Future energy systems are characterised by the circular economies for energy carriers. The initial energy source renewable electricity can be used with maximum efficiency whenever it is available in time and at locations where needed. There is unfortunately a massive disconnect between generation and consumption on the planet. The initial energy input is inexhaustible and on the scales of human need highly abundant. The efficiency of a given energy transformation process thus of minor concern with respect to function of the energy system expressed as system service.
In full analogy to biological energy systems, we will use hydrogen and its derivatives as the intermediate energy carrier generating a global market for renewable energy in molecular form. Hence, the energy systems will not be electrical-only as previously anticipated but dual with ad-hoc renewable electricity and molecular energy carriers as the quantitatively larger contribution.
The underlying technologies all comprise interfacial processes of chemo- and electrocatalysis. Water splitting, methane reforming, ammonia synthesis and reforming methanol synthesis and methane generation will be core technologies. They all exist as large-scale technologies but not in optimized forms and not in a systemic interconnection. The contribution will illustrate the state-of-affairs in basic research and technology transfer for these grand challenges of our time.
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Serguei Molodtsov / Gabriella Mulá-Mathews