# EPS-HEP2021 conference

26-30 July 2021
Zoom
Europe/Berlin timezone

## Electromagnetic neutrino: The theory, laboratory experiments and astrophysical probes

26 Jul 2021, 11:20
20m
Zoom

#### Zoom

Parallel session talk Neutrino Physics

### Speaker

Alexander Studenikin (Moscow State University and JINR)

### Description

We continue our discussions [1-4] on neutrino electromagnetic properties. In the present talk we start with a short introduction to the derivation of the general structure of the electromagnetic form factors of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos.

Then we consider experimental constraints on neutrino magnetic and electric dipole moments, electric millicharge, charge radii and anapole moments from the terrestrial laboratory experiments (the bounds obtained by the reactor MUNU, TEXONO and GEMMA experiments and the solar Super-Kamiokande and the recent Borexino experiments). A special credit is done to the most severe constraints on neutrino magnetic moments, millicharge and charge radii [5-9]. The world best reactor [5] and solar [6] neutrino and astrophysical [10,11] bounds on neutrino magnetic moments, as well as bounds on millicharge from the reactor neutrinos [7] are included in the recent issues of the Review of Particle Physics (see the latest Review: P.A. Zyla et al. (Particle Data Group), Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2020, 083C01). The best astrophysical bound on neutrino millicharge was obtained in [12].

In the recent studies [13] it is shown that the puzzling results of the XENON1T collaboration [14] at few keV electronic recoils could be due to the scattering of solar neutrinos endowed with ﬁnite Majorana transition magnetic moments of the strengths lie within the limits set by the Borexino experiment with solar neutrinos [6]. The comprehensive analysis of the existing and new extended mechanisms for enhancing neutrino transition magnetic moments to the level appropriate for the interpretation of the XENON1T data and leaving neutrino masses within acceptable values is provided in [15].

Considering neutrinos from all known sources, as well as including all available data from XENON1T and Borexino, the strongest up-to-date exclusion limits on the active-to-sterile neutrino transition magnetic moment are derived in [16] .

A comprehensive analisys of constraints on neutrino electric millicharge from experiments of elastic neutrino-electron interaction and future prospects involving coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering is presented in [17].

We also present results of the recent detailed study [18] of the electromagnetic interactions of massive neutrinos in the theoretical formulation of low-energy elastic neutrino-electron scattering. The formalism of neutrino charge, magnetic, electric, and anapole form factors defined as matrices in the mass basis with account for three-neutrino mixing is presented. Using the derived new expression for a neutrino electromagnetic scattering cross section [18], we further developed studies of neutrino electromagnetic properties using the COHERENT data [8] and obtained [9] new bounds on the neutrino charge radii from the COHERENT experiment. Worthy of note, our paper [9] has been included by the Editors Suggestion to the Phys. Rev. D “Highlights of 2018”, and the obtained constraints on the nondiagonal neutrino charge radii since 2019 has been included by the Particle Data Group to the Review of Particle Physics.

The main manifestation of neutrino electromagnetic interactions, such as: 1) the radiative decay in vacuum, in matter and in a magnetic field, 2) the neutrino Cherenkov radiation, 3) the plasmon decay to neutrino-antineutrino pair, 4) the neutrino spin light in matter, and 5) the neutrino spin and spin-flavour precession are discussed. Phenomenological consequences of neutrino electromagnetic interactions (including the spin light of neutrino [19]) in astrophysical environments are also reviewed.

The second part of the proposed talk is dedicated to results of our mostly recently performed detailed studies of new effects in neutrino spin, spin-flavour and flavor oscillations under the influence of the transversal matter currents [20] and a constant magnetic field [21,22], as well as to our newly developed approach to the problem of the neutrino quantum decoherence [23] and also to our recent proposal [24] for an experimental setup to observe coherent elastic neutrino-atom scattering (CEνAS) using electron antineutrinos from tritium decay and a liquid helium target that as we have estimated opens a new frontier in constraining the neutrino magnetic moment.

The discussed in the second part of the talk new results include two new effects that can be summarized as follows:

1) it is shown [20] that neutrino spin and spin-flavor oscillations can be engendered by weak interactions of neutrinos with the medium in the case when there are the transversal matter currents; different possibilities for the resonance amplification of oscillations are discussed, the neutrino Standard Model and non-standard interactions are accounted for;

2) within a new treatment [21] of the neutrino flavor, spin and spin-flavour oscillations in the presence of a constant magnetic field, that is based on the use of the exact neutrino stationary states in the magnetic field, it is shown that there is an interplay of neutrino oscillations on different frequencies. iIn particular: a) the amplitude of the flavour oscillations νLe↔ νLμ at the vacuum frequency is modulated by the magnetic field frequency μB , and b) the neutrino spin oscillation probability (without change of the neutrino flavour) exhibits the dependence on the neutrino energy and mass square difference Δm2 .

The discovered new phenomena in neutrino oscillations should be accounted for reinterpretation of results of already performed experiments on detection of astrophysical neutrino fluxes produced in astrophysical environments with strong magnetic fields and dense matter. These new neutrino oscillation phenomena are also of interest in view of future experiments on observations of supernova neutrino fluxes with large volume detectors like DUNE, JUNO and Hyper-Kamiokande.

Two other new results discussed in the concluding part of the talk are as follows:

3) a new theoretical framework, based on the quantum field theory of open systems applied to neutrinos, has been developed [23] to describe the neutrino evolution in external environments accounting for the effect of the neutrino quantum decoherence; we have used this approach to consider a new mechanism of the neutrino quantum decoherence engendered by the neutrino radiative decay to photons and dark photons in an astrophysical environment, the corresponding new constraints on the decoherence parameter have been obtained;

4) in [24] we have proposed an experimental setup to observe coherent elastic neutrino-atom scattering (CEνAS) using electron antineutrinos from tritium decay and a liquid helium target and shown that the sensitivity of this apparatus (when using 60 g of tritium) to a possible electron neutrino magnetic moment can be of order about 7×10−13μB at 90% C.L., that is more than one order of magnitude smaller than the current experimental limit.

The best world experimental bounds on neutrino electromagnetic properties are confronted with the predictions of theories beyond the Standard Model. It is shown that studies of neutrino electromagnetic properties provide a powerful tool to probe physics beyond the Standard Model.

References:

[1] C. Guinti and A. Studenikin, Neutrino electromagnetic interactions: A window to new physics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 (2015) 531-591.

[2] C. Giunti, K. Kouzakov, Y. F. Li, A. Lokhov, A. Studenikin, S. Zhou, Electromagnetic neutrinos in laboratory experiments and astrophysics, Annalen Phys. 528 (2016) 198.

[3] A. Studenikin, Neutrino electromagnetic interactions: A window to new physics - II,
PoS EPS-HEP2017 (2017) 137.

[4] A. Studenikin, Electromagnetic neutrino properties: new constraints and new effects,
PoS ICHEP2020 (2021)180.

[5] A. Beda, V. Brudanin, V. Egorov et al., The results of search for the neutrino magnetic
moment in GEMMA experiment , Adv. High Energy Phys. 2012 (2012) 350150.

[6] M. Agostini et al (Borexino coll.), Limiting neutrino magnetic moments with Borexino Phase-II solar neutrino data, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 091103.

[7] A. Studenikin, New bounds on neutrino electric millicharge from limits on neutrino magnetic moment, Europhys. Lett. 107 (2014) 21001.

[8] D. Papoulias, T. Kosmas, COHERENT constraints to conventional and exotic neutrino physics, Phys. Rev. D 97 (2018) 033003.

[9] M. Cadeddu, C. Giunti, K. Kouzakov, Y.F. Li, A. Studenikin, Y.Y. Zhang, “Neutrino charge radii from COHERENT elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering”, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 113010.

[10] N. Viaux, M. Catelan, P. B. Stetson, G. G. Raffelt et al., Particle-physics constraints from the globular cluster M5: neutrino dipole moments, Astron. & Astrophys. 558 (2013) A12.

[11] S. Arceo-Díaz, K.-P. Schröder, K. Zuber and D. Jack, Constraint on the magnetic dipole moment of neutrinos by the tip-RGB luminosity in ω-Centauri, Astropart. Phys. 70 (2015) 1.

[12] A. Studenikin, I. Tokarev, Millicharged neutrino with anomalous magnetic moment in rotating magnetized matter, Nucl. Phys. B 884 (2014) 396-407.

[13] O. G. Miranda, D. K. Papoulias, M. Tórtola, J. W. F. Valle, XENON1T signal from transition neutrino magnetic moments , Phys.Lett. B 808 (2020) 135685.

[14] E. Aprile et al. [XENON], Observation of excess electronic recoil Events in XENON1T, Phys. Rev. D 102 (2020) 072004.

[15] K. Babu, S. Jana, M. Lindner, Large neutrino magnetic moments in the light of recent experiments, JHEP 2010 (2020) 040.

[16] V. Brdar, A. Greljo, J. Kopp, T. Opferkuch, The neutrino magnetic moment portal: Cosmology, astrophysics, and direct detection, JCAP01 (2021) 039.

[17] A. Parada, Constraints on neutrino electric millicharge from experiments of elastic neutrino-electron interaction and future experimental proposals involving coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, Adv.High Energy Phys. 2020 (2020) 5908904.

[18] K. Kouzakov, A. Studenikin, Electromagnetic properties of massive neutrinos in low-energy
elastic neutrino-electron scattering, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 055013.

[19] A. Grigoriev, A. Lokhov, A. Studenikin, A. Ternov, Spin light of neutrino in astrophysical environments, JCAP 1711 (2017) 024 (23 p.).

[20] P. Pustoshny, A. Studenikin, Neutrino spin and spin-flavour oscillations in transversal
matter currents with standard and non-standard interactions, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 113009.

[21] A. Popov, A. Studenikin, Neutrino eigenstates and flavour, spin and spin-flavour oscillations in a constant magnetic field, Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 144.

[22] P. Kurashvili, K. Kouzakov, L. Chotorlishvili, A. Studenikin, Spin-flavor oscillations of ultrahigh-energy cosmic neutrinos in interstellar space: The role of neutrino magnetic moments”, Phys. Rev. D 96 (2017) 103017.

[23] K. Stankevich, A. Studenikin, Neutrino quantum decoherence engendered by neutrino radiative decay, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 056004.

[24] M. Cadeddu, F. Dordei, C. Giunti, K. Kouzakov, E. Picciau, A. Studenikin, Potentialities of a low-energy detector based on 4He evaporation to observe atomic effects in coherent neutrino scattering and physics perspectives, Phys. Rev. D 100 (2019) 073014.

Collaboration / Activity non Alexander Studenikin a-studenik@yandex.ru

### Primary author

Alexander Studenikin (Moscow State University and JINR)